[Mercurio] [Platino]
[Cobre] [Níquel] [Etanol]
[Vidrio de laboratorio (Pyrex)]
La mayor aplicación del mercurio se
encuentra en la construcción de aparatos científicos y técnicos
como barómetros (mide la presión atmosférica), manómetros
(mide presiones), termómetros (ello se debe a que reacciona
muy rápidamente a los menores cambios de temperatura) e interruptores
eléctricos.
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En la actualidad "todos" los termómetros utilizan el
mercurio, éste se dilata con el calor y asciende por el tubo contrayéndose
y descendiendo con el frío
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El mercurio es un elemento metálico muy poco
común, puesto que su estado es líquido a la temperatura ambiente.
El mercurio se congela a - 40 °C, y hierve a
357 °C. Es 13,6 veces más pesado que el agua. Su
tensión superficial es tal que no moja casi ningún objeto.
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El mercurio tiende a formar bolitas que escapan y que son difíciles
de controlar
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En estado natural, el mercurio se halla,
generalmente, en combinación con el mineral llamado "cinabrio",
de un color rojo acusado.
El cinabrio se encuentra en muchas rocas, casi todas
de origen volcánico. Se supone que el mercurio y el cinabrio son
resultado de esa acción volcánica.
Es fácil convertir el mercurio en vapor. Para
conseguir el mercurio puro a partir de las rocas de cinabrio, sólo
se precisa calentar el mineral a 482 °C; los vapores producidos se
recogen en conductos y se refrigeran para obtener, mediante condensación,
el mercurio líquido.
General
| Nombre |
Mercurio |
Símbolo |
Hg |
| Número atómico |
80 |
Peso atómico |
200.59 |
| Densidad a 293 K |
13.546 g/cm3 |
Volumen atómico |
14.82 cm3/mol |
| Grupo |
Trans. Met. |
discovered |
0 |
Estados
| state (s, l, g) |
l |
| melting point |
234.33 K |
boiling point |
630 K |
| Heat of fusion |
2.295 kJ/mol |
Heat of vaporization |
59.229 kJ/mol |
Energías
| 1st ionization energy |
1007 kJ/mole |
electronegativity |
2 |
| 2nd ionization energy |
1810 kJ/mole |
electron affinity |
kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy |
3300 kJ/mole |
Specific heat |
0.139 J/gK |
| heat atomization |
61 kJ/mole atoms |
Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells |
2,8,18,32,18,2 |
electron configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 |
| minimum oxidation number |
0 |
maximum oxidation number |
2 |
| min. common oxidation no. |
0 |
max. common oxidation no. |
2 |
Appearance & Characteristics
| structure |
rhombohedral |
color |
silvery-white |
| uses |
amalgams, Cl2, NaOH prod. |
toxicity |
yes |
| hardness |
mohs |
characteristics |
liquid at r.t., volatile |
Reacciones
| reaction with air |
none, w/ht (350C) =>HgO |
reaction with 6M HCl |
none |
| reaction with 6M HCl |
none |
reaction with 15M HNO3 |
mild, =>NOx, Hg(NO3)2 |
| reaction with 6M NaOH |
none |
Other Forms
| number of isotopes |
7 |
hydride(s) |
none |
| oxide(s) |
HgO |
chloride(s) |
Hg2Cl2 HgCl2 |
Radio
| ionic radius (2- ion) |
pm |
ionic radius (1- ion) |
pm |
| atomic radius |
151 pm |
ionic radius (1+ ion) |
133 pm |
| ionic radius (2+ ion) |
116 pm |
ionic radius (3+ ion) |
pm |
Conductividad
| conductividad térmica |
8.3 J/m-sec-deg |
conductividad eléctrica |
10.163 1/mohm-cm |
| polarizabilidad |
5.4 A^3 |
Abundance
| source |
Cinnabar (sulfide) |
rel. abund. solar system |
-0.469 log |
| abundance earth's crust |
-1.1 log |
cost, pure |
5 $/100g |
| cost, bulk |
0.51 $/100g |
General
| Name |
Platinum |
Symbol |
Pt |
| atomic number |
78 |
Atomic weight |
195.09 |
| Density @ 293 K |
21.45 g/cm3 |
Atomic volume |
9.10 cm3/mol |
| Group |
Trans. Met. |
discovered |
1748 |
States
| state (s, l, g) |
s |
| melting point |
2045.2 K |
boiling point |
4443 K |
| Heat of fusion |
19.60 kJ/mol |
Heat of vaporization |
510.0 kJ/mol |
Energies
| 1st ionization energy |
870 kJ/mole |
electronegativity |
2.28 |
| 2nd ionization energy |
1791 kJ/mole |
electron affinity |
205.3 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy |
kJ/mole |
Specific heat |
0.13 J/gK |
| heat atomization |
565 kJ/mole atoms |
Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells |
2,8,18,32,17,1 |
electron configuration |
[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 |
| minimum oxidation number |
0 |
maximum oxidation number |
6 |
| min. common oxidation no. |
0 |
max. common oxidation no. |
4 |
Appearance & Characteristics
| structure |
fcc: face-centered cubic |
color |
silvery-white |
| uses |
jewelry, catalysts |
toxicity |
|
| hardness |
4.3 mohs |
characteristics |
Inert, ductile |
Reactions
| reaction with air |
none |
reaction with 6M HCl |
none |
| reaction with 6M HCl |
none |
reaction with 15M HNO3 |
none |
| reaction with 6M NaOH |
none |
Other Forms
| number of isotopes |
6 |
hydride(s) |
none |
| oxide(s) |
PtO2 |
chloride(s) |
PtCl2 PtCl4 |
Radius
| ionic radius (2- ion) |
pm |
ionic radius (1- ion) |
pm |
| atomic radius |
139 pm |
ionic radius (1+ ion) |
pm |
| ionic radius (2+ ion) |
94 pm |
ionic radius (3+ ion) |
pm |
Conductivity
| thermal conductivity |
71.6 J/m-sec-deg |
electrical conductivity |
94.34 1/mohm-cm |
| polarizability |
6.5 A^3 |
Abundance
| source |
nickel ores (sulfides) |
rel. abund. solar system |
0.127 log |
| abundance earth's crust |
-2.3 log |
cost, pure |
4700 $/100g |
| cost, bulk |
1200 $/100g |
General
| Name |
Copper |
Symbol |
Cu |
| atomic number |
29 |
Atomic weight |
63.546 |
| Density @ 293 K |
8.96 g/cm3 |
Atomic volume |
7.1 cm3/mol |
| Group |
Trans. Met. |
discovered |
0 |
States
| state (s, l, g) |
s |
| melting point |
1356.6 K |
boiling point |
2843 K |
| Heat of fusion |
13.050 kJ/mol |
Heat of vaporization |
300.30 kJ/mol |
Energies
| 1st ionization energy |
745.4 kJ/mole |
electronegativity |
1.95 |
| 2nd ionization energy |
1957.9 kJ/mole |
electron affinity |
118.5 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy |
3553.5 kJ/mole |
Specific heat |
0.38 J/gK |
| heat atomization |
338 kJ/mole atoms |
Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells |
2,8,18,1 |
electron configuration |
[Ar] 3d10 4s1 |
| minimum oxidation number |
0 |
maximum oxidation number |
4 |
| min. common oxidation no. |
0 |
max. common oxidation no. |
2 |
Appearance & Characteristics
| structure |
fcc: face-centered cubic |
color |
orange-red |
| uses |
wire, bronze, coins |
toxicity |
|
| hardness |
2.75 mohs |
characteristics |
soft, ductile |
Reactions
| reaction with air |
mild, w/ht =>CuO, Cu2O |
reaction with 6M HCl |
none |
| reaction with 6M HCl |
none |
reaction with 15M HNO3 |
mild, =>Cu(NO3)2, NOx |
| reaction with 6M NaOH |
|
Other Forms
| number of isotopes |
2 |
hydride(s) |
CuH |
| oxide(s) |
Cu2O CuO |
chloride(s) |
CuCl CuCl2 |
Radius
| ionic radius (2- ion) |
pm |
ionic radius (1- ion) |
pm |
| atomic radius |
128 pm |
ionic radius (1+ ion) |
91 pm |
| ionic radius (2+ ion) |
87 pm |
ionic radius (3+ ion) |
68 pm |
Conductivity
| thermal conductivity |
401 J/m-sec-deg |
electrical conductivity |
595.8 1/mohm-cm |
| polarizability |
6.7 A^3 |
Abundance
| source |
Cu pyrite,chalcocite(sulfide) |
rel. abund. solar system |
2.718 log |
| abundance earth's crust |
1.7 log |
cost, pure |
2.7 $/100g |
| cost, bulk |
0.24 $/100g |
General
| Name |
Nickel |
Symbol |
Ni |
| atomic number |
28 |
Atomic weight |
58.71 |
| Density @ 293 K |
8.90 g/cm3 |
Atomic volume |
6.59 cm3/mol |
| Group |
Trans. Met. |
discovered |
1751 |
States
| state (s, l, g) |
s |
| melting point |
1726.2 K |
boiling point |
3193 K |
| Heat of fusion |
17.470 kJ/mol |
Heat of vaporization |
370.40 kJ/mol |
Energies
| 1st ionization energy |
736.7 kJ/mole |
electronegativity |
1.91 |
| 2nd ionization energy |
1752.9 kJ/mole |
electron affinity |
111.5 kJ/mole |
| 3rd ionization energy |
3393.4 kJ/mole |
Specific heat |
0.44 J/gK |
| heat atomization |
430 kJ/mole atoms |
Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells |
2,8,16,2 |
electron configuration |
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 |
| minimum oxidation number |
-1 |
maximum oxidation number |
4 |
| min. common oxidation no. |
0 |
max. common oxidation no. |
2 |
Appearance & Characteristics
| structure |
fcc: face-centered cubic |
color |
silvery-white |
| uses |
alloys, coins, batteries |
toxicity |
yes |
| hardness |
mohs |
characteristics |
hard, takes a high polish |
Reactions
| reaction with air |
mild, w/ht =>NiO |
reaction with 6M HCl |
mild, =>H2, NiCl2 |
| reaction with 6M HCl |
mild, =>H2, NiCl2 |
reaction with 15M HNO3 |
passivated |
| reaction with 6M NaOH |
none |
Other Forms
| number of isotopes |
5 |
hydride(s) |
NiH |
| oxide(s) |
NiO |
chloride(s) |
NiCl2 |
Radius
| ionic radius (2- ion) |
pm |
ionic radius (1- ion) |
pm |
| atomic radius |
124 pm |
ionic radius (1+ ion) |
pm |
| ionic radius (2+ ion) |
83 pm |
ionic radius (3+ ion) |
72 pm |
Conductivity
| thermal conductivity |
90.9 J/m-sec-deg |
electrical conductivity |
146.199 1/mohm-cm |
| polarizability |
6.8 A^3 |
Abundance
| source |
sulfides, oxide/silicates |
rel. abund. solar system |
4.693 log |
| abundance earth's crust |
1.9 log |
cost, pure |
7.7 $/100g |
| cost, bulk |
0.76 $/100g |
World Wide Web presentation of Chemicool Periodic Table
is © Copyright 1996, 1997 by David D. Hsu. Some data were provided
by and used with the permission of JCE Software and is owned and copyright
by the Division of Chemical Education, Inc. Additional data were provided
by Perkin-Elmer through Peter Lykos of IIT.
LAS TABLAS ANTERIORES ESTÁN TOMADAS DE LA DIRECCIÓN
DE INTERNET http://wild-turkey.mit.edu/Chemicool/
|
ETANOL
(espíritu del vino) CH3-CH2OH
|
| estado de agregación |
|
líquido |
| masa molar |
M (g/mol) |
46.07 |
| densidad |
r (g/ml) |
0.789 |
| punto de fusión |
tf °C |
-117.3 |
| punto de ebullición |
te °C |
78.5 |
| índice de refracción |
nD |
1.3611 |
| solubilidad en agua |
|
miscible |
| solubilidad en alcohol |
|
miscible |
| solubilidad en éter |
|
soluble |
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VÍDRIO
DE LABORATORIO (PYREX)
|
|
densidad
|
índice de refracción
|
coeficiente de dilatación lineal
|
temperatura de recocido *
|
temperatura de reblandecimiento
|
| gr/cm³ |
nD |
a (grad -1) |
°C |
°C |
| 2.23 |
1.474 |
3.2 10-6 |
565 |
820 |
|
calor específico a 20°C
|
resistividad eléctrica a 20°C
|
permitividad relativa a 20°C -1 MHz
|
módulo de Young |
conductividad térmica
|
| J / (g . grad) |
MW . m |
er |
GN/m² |
W/(m . grad) |
| 0.78 |
100 |
4.6 |
69 |
1.1 |
* a la temperatura de recocido desaparecen las tensiones
originadas al solidificar.