Thus have I heard. Once the Budha was dwelling in the garden of Anathapin-dada, in the Jeta Grove near Sravasti, accompanied by one thousand monks, ten thousand Bodhisattva-Mahasattvas, and many gods of the Realm of Desire and the Realm of Form.

At that time, Bodhisattva-Mahasattva Manjusri and the god Suguna were both present among the assembly. The World-Honored One told Manjusri, "You should explain the profound state of Budhahood for the celestial beings and the Bodhisattvas of this assembly."

Manjusri said to the Budha, "So be it, World-Honored One. If good men and good women wish to know the state of Budhahood, they should know that it is not a state of the eye, the ear, the nose, the tongue, the body, or the mind; nor is it a state of forms, sounds, scents, tastes, textures, or mental objects. World-Honored One, the nonstate is the state of Budhahood. This being the case, what is the state of supreme enlightenment as attained by the Budha?"

The Budha said, "It is the state of emptiness, because all views are equal. It is the state of signlessness, because all signs are equal. It is the state of wishlessness, because the three realms are equal. It is the state of nonaction, because all actions are equal. It is the state of the unconditioned, because all conditioned things are equal."

Manjusri asked, "World-Honored One, what is the state of the unconditioned?"

The Budha said, "The absence of thought is the state of the unconditioned."

Manjusri said, "World-Honored One, if the states of the unconditioned and so forth are the state of Budhahood, and the state of the unconditioned is the absence of thought, then on what basis is the state of Budhahood expressed? If there is no such basis, then there is nothing to be said; and since there is nothing to be said, nothing can be expressed Therefore, World-Honored One, the state of Budhahood is inexpressible in words "

The Budha asked, "Manjusri, where should the state of Budhahood be sought?"

Manjusri answered, "It should be sought right in the defilements of sentient beings. Why? Because by nature the defilements of sentient beings are inapprehensible. [Realization of] this is beyond the comprehension of Sravakas and PratyekaBudhas; therefore, it is called the state of Budhahood."

The Budha asked Manjusri, "Does the state of Budhahood increase or decreases "

"It neither increases nor decreases."

The Budha asked, "How can one comprehend the basic nature of the defilements of all sentient beings?"

"Just as the state of Budhahood neither increases nor decreases, so by their nature the defilements neither increase nor decrease."

The Budha asked, "What is the basic nature of the defilements?"

"The basic nature of the defilements is the basic nature of the state of Bud-dhahood. World-Honored One, if the nature of the defilements were different from the nature of the state of Budhahood, then it could not be said that the Budha abides in the equality of all things. It is because the nature of the defilements is the very nature of the state of Budhahood that the Tathagata is said to abide in equality."

The Budha asked further, "In what equality do you think the Tathagata abides?"

"As I understand it, the Tathagata abides in exactly the same equality in which those sentient beings who act with desire, hatred, and ignorance abide."

The Budha asked, "In what equality do those sentient beings who act with the three poisons abide?"

"They abide in the equality of emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness."

The Budha asked, "Manjusri, in emptiness, how could there be desire, hatred, and ignorance?"

Manjusri answered, "Right in that which exists there is emptiness, wherein desire, hatred, and ignorance are also found."

The Budha asked, "In what existence is there emptiness?"

"Emptiness is said to exist [only] in words and language. Because there is emptiness, there are desire, hatred, and ignorance. The Budha has said, ‘Monks! Nonarising, nonconditioning, nonaction, and nonorigination all exist. If these did not exist, then one could not speak of arising, conditioning, action, and origina-tion. Therefore, monks, because there are nonarising, nonconditioning, nonaction, and nonorigination, one can speak of the existence of arising, conditioning, action, and origination.’ Similarly, World-Honored One, if there were no emptiness, signlessness, or wishlessness, one could not speak of desire, hatred, ignorance, or other ideas."

The Budha said, "Manjusri, if this is the case, then it must be, as you said. That who abides in the defilements abides in emptiness."

Manjusri said, "World-Honored One. it a meditator seeks emptiness apart from the defilements, his search will be in vain How could there be an emptiness that differs from the defilements? If he contemplates the defilements as emptiness, he is said to be engaged in right practice."

The Budha asked, "Manjusri, do you detach yourself from the defilements or abide in them?"

Manjusri said, "All defilements are equal [in reality]. I have realized that equality through right practice. Therefore, I neither detach myself from the defilements nor abide in them. If a sramaga or brahmin claims that he has overcome passions and sees other beings as defiled, he has fallen into the two extreme views. What are the two? One is the view of eternalism, maintaining that defilements exist; the other is the view of nihilism, maintaining that defilements do not exist.

World-Honored One, he who practices rightly sees no such things as self or other, existence or nonexistence. Why? Because he clearly comprehends all dharmas."

The Budha asked, "Manjusri, what should one rely upon for right practice?"

"He who practices rightly relies upon nothing."

The Budha asked, "Does he not practice according to the path?"

"If he practices in accordance with anything, his practice will be conditioned. A conditioned practice is not one of equality. Why? Because it is not exempt from arising, abiding, and perishing."

The Budha asked Manjusri, "Are there any categories in the unconditioned ? "

Manjusri answered, "World-Honored One, if there were categories in the unconditioned, then the unconditioned would be conditioned and would no longer be the unconditioned."

The Budha said, "If the unconditioned can be realized by saints, then there is such a thing as the unconditioned; how can you say there are no categories in "Things have no categories, and the saints have transcended categories. That is why I say there are no categories."

The Budha asked, "Manjusri, would you not say you have attained saint-hood?"

Manjusri asked in turn, "World-Honored One, suppose one asks a magically produced person, ‘Would you not say you have attained sainthood?’ What will be his reply?"

The Budha answered Manjusri, "One cannot speak of the attainment or nonattainment of a magically produced person."

Manjusri asked, "Has the Budha not said that all things are like illusions?"

The Budha answered, "So I have, so I have."

"If all things are like illusions, why do you ask me whether or not I have attained sainthood?"

The Budha asked, "Manjusri, what equality in the three vehicles have you realized?"

"I have realized the equality of the state of Budhahood."

The Budha asked, "Have you attained the state of Budhahood?"

"If the World-Honored One has attained it, then I have also attained it."

Thereupon, Venerable Subhuti asked Manjusri, "Has not the Tathagata attained the state of Budhahood?"

Manjusri asked in turn, "Have you attained anything in the state of Sravaka-hood?"

Subhuti answered, "The liberation of a saint is neither an attainment nor a nonattainment. "

"So it is, so it is. Likewise, the liberation of the Tathagata is neither a state nor a nonstate."

Subhuti said, "Manjusri, you are not taking care of the novice Bodhisattvas in teaching the Dharma this way."

Manjusri asked, "Subhuti, what do you think? Suppose a physician, in taking care of his patients, does not give them acrid, sour, bitter, or astringent medicines. Is he helping them to recover or causing them to die?"

Subhuti answered, "He is causing them to suffer and die instead of giving them peace and happiness."

Manjusri said, "Such is the case with a teacher of the Dharma. If, in taking care of others, he fears that they might be frightened. and so hides from them the profound meanings of the Dharma and instead speaks to them in irrelevant words and fancy phrases, then he is causing sentient beings to suffer [ birth,] old age, disease , and death, instead offing them health, peace, bliss, and nirvana"

When this Dharma was explained, five hundred monks were freed of attachment to any dharma, were cleansed of defilements. and were liberated in mind; eight thousand devas left the taints of the mundane world far behind and attained the pure Dharma-eye that sees through all dharmas; seven hundred gods resolved to attain supreme enlightenment and vowed: "In the future, we shall attain an eloquence like that of Manjusri."

Then Elder Subhuti asked Manjusri, "Do you not explain the Dharma of the sravaka-vehicle to the sravakas?"

"I follow the Dharmas of all the vehicles."

Subhuti asked, "Are you a Sravaka, a PratyekaBudha, or a Worthy One, a Supremely Enlightened One?"

"I am a Sravaka, but my understanding does not come through the speech of others. I am a PratyekaBudha, but I do not abandon great compassion or fear anything. I am a Worthy One, a Supremely Enlightened One, but I still do not give up my original vows."

Subhuti asked, "Why are you a Sravaka?"

"Because I cause sentient beings to hear the Dharma they have not."

"Why are you a PratyekaBudha?"

"Because I thoroughly comprehend the dependent origination of all dharmas."

"Why are you a Worthy One, a Supremely Enlightened One?"

"Because I realize that all things are equal in the dharmadhatu "

Subhuti asked. "Manjusri, in what stage do you really abide?"

"I abide in every stage."

Subhuti asked, "Could it be that you also abide in the stage of ordinary people?"

Manjusri said, "I definitely abide in the stage of ordinary people."

Subhuti asked, "With what esoteric implication do you say so?"

"I say so because all dharmas are equal by nature."

Subhuti asked, "If all dharmas are equal, where are such dharmas as the stages of Sravakas, PratyckaBudhas, Bodhisattvas, and Budhas established?"

Manjusri answered, "As an illustration, consider the empty space in the ten directions. People speak of the eastern space, the southern space, the western space, the northern space, the four intermediate spaces, the space above, the space below, and so forth. Such distinctions are spoken of, although the empty space itself is devoid of distinctions. In like manner, virtuous one, the various stages are established in the ultimate emptiness of all things, although the emptiness itself is devoid of distinctions "

Subhuti asked, "Have you entered the realization of sainthood and been forever separated from samsara?"

"I have entered it and emerged from it "

Subhuti asked, "Why did you emerge from it after you entered it?"

Manjusri answered, "Virtuous one, you should know that this is a manifestation of the wisdom and ingenuity of a Bodhisattva. He truly enters the realiza-tion of sainthood and becomes separated from samsara; then, as a method to save sentient beings, he emerges from that realization. Subhuti, suppose an expert archer plans to harm a bitter enemy, but, mistaking his beloved son in the wilder-ness for the enemy, he shoots an arrow at him The son shouts, ‘I have done nothing wrong. Why do you wish to harm me?’ At once, the archer, who is swift-footed, dashes toward his son and catches the arrow before it does any harm. A Bodhisattva is like this: in order to train and subdue Sravakas and Pratyekabud-dhas, he attains nirvana; however, he emerges from it and does not fall into the stages of Sravakas and PratyekaBudhas. That is why his stage is called the Budha-stage. "

Subhuti asked, "How can a Bodhisattva attain this stage?".

Manjusri answered, "If Bodhisattvas dwell in all stages and yet dwell no-where, they can attain this stage.

"If they can discourse on all the stages but do not abide in the lower stages, they can attain this Budha-stage.

"If they practice with the purpose of ending the afflictions of all sentient beings, but realize there is no ending in the dharmadhatu; if they abide in the unconditioned, yet perform conditioned actions; if they remain in samsara, but regard it as a garden and do not seek nirvana before all their vows are fulfilled - then they can attain this stage.

"If they realize egolessness, yet bring sentient beings to maturity, they can attain this stage."

"If they achieve the Budha-wisdom yet do not generate anger or hatred toward those who lack wisdom, they can attain this stage.

"If they practice by turning the Dharma-wheel for those who seek the Dharma but make no distinctions among things, they can attain this stage.

"Furthermore, if Bodhisattvas vanquish demons yet assume the appearance of the four demons, they cart attain this stage."

Subhuti said, "Manjusri, such practices of a Bodhisattva are very difficult for any worldly being to believe."

Manjusri said, "So it is, so it is, as you say. Bodhisattvas perform deeds in the mundane world but transcend worldly dharmas."

Subhuti said, "Manjusri, please tell me how they transcend the mundane world."

Manjusri said, "The five aggregates constitute what we call the mundane world. Of these, the aggregate of form has the nature of accumulated foam, the aggregate of feeling has the nature of a bubble, the aggregate of conception has the nature of a mirage, the aggregate of impulse has the nature of a hollow plantain, and the aggregate of consciousness has the nature of an illusion. Thus, One should know that the essential nature of the mundane world is none other than that of foam, bubbles, mirages, plantains, and illusions; ill it there are neither aggregates nor the names of aggregates, neither sentient beings nor the names of sentient beings, neither the mundane world nor the supramundane world. Such a right understanding of the five aggregates is called the supreme understanding. If one attains this supreme understanding, then he is liberated, as he [actually] always has been. If he is so liberated, he is not attached to mundane things. If he is not attached to mundane things, he transcends the mundane world.

"Furthermore, Subhuti, the basic nature of the five aggregates is emptiness. If that nature is emptiness, there is neither ‘I’ nor ‘mine.’ If there is neither ‘I’ nor ‘mine,’ there is no duality. If there is no duality, there is neither grasping nor abandoning. If there is neither grasping nor abandoning, there is no attachment. Thus, free of attachment, one transcends the mundane world.

"Furthermore, Subhuti, the five aggregates belong to causes and conditions. If they belong to causes and conditions, they do not belong to oneself or to others. If they do not belong to oneself or to others, they have no owner. If they have no owner, there is no one who grasps them. If there is no grasping, there is no contention, and noncontention is the practice of religious devotees. Just as a hand moving in empty space touches no object and meets no obstacle, so the Bodhisattvas who practice the equality of emptiness transcend the mundane world.

"Moreover, Subhuti, because all the elements of the five aggregates merge in the dharmadhatu, there are no realms. If there are no realms, there are no elements of earth, water, fire, or air; there is no ego, sentient being, or life; no Realm of Desire, Realm of Form. or Realm of Formlessness: no realm of the conditioned or realm of the unconditioned; no realm of samsara or realm of nirvana. When Bodhisattvas enter such a domain [free of distinctions], they do not abide in anything, though they remain in the midst of worldly beings. If they do not abide in anything, they transcend the mundane world." When this Dharma of transcending the world was explained, two hundred monks became detached from all dharmas, ended all their defilements, and become liberated in mind. One by one they took off their upper garments to offer to Manjusri, saying, "Any person who does not have faith in or understand this doctrine will achieve nothing and realize nothing."

Then Subhuti asked these monks, "Elders, have you ever achieved or realized anything?"

The monks replied, "Only presumptuous persons will claim they have achieved and realized something. To a humble religious devotee, nothing is achieved or realized. How, then, would such a person think of saying to himself, ‘This I have achieved; this I have realized’? If such an idea occurs to him, then it is a demon’s deed."

Subhuti asked, "Elders, according to your understanding, what achievement and realization cause you to say so?"

The monks replied, "Only the Budha, the World-Honored One, and Manjusri know our achievement and realization. Most virtuous one, our understanding is: those who do not fully know the nature of suffering yet claim that suffering should be comprehended are presumptuous. Likewise, if they claim that the cause of suffering should be eradicated, that the cessation of suffering should be realized and that the path leading to the cessation of suffering should be followed, they are presumptuous. Presumptuous also are those who do not really know the nature of suffering, its cause, its cessation, or the path leading to its cessation, but claim that they know suffering, have eradicated the cause of suffering, have realized the cessation of suffering, and have followed the path leading to the cessation of suffering.

"What is the nature of suffering? It is the very nature of nonarising. The same is true concerning the characteristic of the cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path leading to the cessation of suffering. The nature of nonarising is signless and unattainable. In it, there is no suffering to be known, no cause of suffering to be eradicated, no cessation of suffering to be realized, and no path leading to the cessation of suffering to be followed. Those who are not frightened terrified, or awestricken upon hearing these Noble Truths are not presumptuous. Those who are frightened and terrified are the presumptuous ones."

Thereupon, the World-Honored One praised the monks, saying, "Well said well said!" He told Subhuti, "These monks heard Manjusri explain this profound Dharma during the era of Kasyapa Budha. Because they have practiced this profound Dharma before, they are now able to follow it and understand it immediately. Similarly, all those who hear, believe, and understand this profound teaching in my era will be among the assembly of Maitreya Budha in the future."

Then the god Suguga said to Manjusri, "Virtuous one, you have repeatedly taught the Dharma ill this world. Now we beg you to go to the Tusita Heaven. For a long time, the gods there have also been planting many good roots. They will be able to understand the Dharma if they hear it. However, because they are attached to the pleasures [of their heaven], they cannot [leave their heaven and] come to the Budha to hear the Dharma, and consequently they suffer a great loss. "

Manjusri immediately performed a miraculous feat that caused the god Su-guga and all others in the assembly to believe that they had arrived at the palace of the Tusita Heaven. There they saw gardens, woods, magnificent palaces and man-sions with sumptuous tiers of railings and windows, high and spacious twenty- storied towers with jeweled nets and curtains, celestial flowers covering the ground, various wonderful birds hovering ill flocks and warbling, and celestial maidens in the air scattering flowers of the coral tree, singing verses in chorus, and playing merrily.

Seeing all this, the god Suguna said to Manjusri, "This is extraordinary, Manjusri! How have we arrived so quickly at the palace of the Tusita Heaven to see the gardens and the gods here? Manjusri, will you please teach us the Dharma?"

Elder Subhuti told Suguna, "Soil of heaven, you did not leave the assembly or go anywhere. It is Manjusri’s miraculous feat that causes you to see yourself in the palace of the Tusita Heaven."

The god Suguna said to the Budha, "How rare, World-Honored One! Manjusri has such a command of samadhi and of miraculous power that in an instant he has caused this entire assembly to appear to be in the palace of the Tusita Heaven."

The Budha said, "Son of heaven, is this your understanding of Manjusri’s miraculous power? As I understand it, if Manjusri wishes, he can gather all the merits and magnificent attributes of Budha-lands as numerous as the sands of the Ganges and cause them to appear in One Budha-land. He can with one fingertip lift up the Budha-lands below ours, which are as numerous as the sands of the Ganges, and put them in the empty space on top of the Budha-lands above ours, which are also as numerous as the sands of the Ganges. He can put all the water of the four great oceans of all the Budha-lands into a single pore without making the aquatic beings in it feel crowded or removing them from the seas. He can put all the Mount Sumerus of all the worlds into a mustard seed, yet the gods on these mountains will feel that they are still living in their own palaces. He can place all sentient beings of the five planes of existence of all the Budha-lands on his palm, and cause them to see all kinds of exquisite material objects such as those available in delightful, magnificent countries. He can gather all the fires of all the worlds into a piece of cotton. He can use a spot as small as a pore to eclipse completely every Sun and moon in every Budha-land. In short, he can accomplish whatever he wishes to do."

At that time, Papiyan, the Evil One, transformed himself into a monk and said to the Budha, "World-Honored One, we wish to see Manjusri perform such miraculous feats right now. What is the use of saying such absurd things, which nobody in the world can believe?"

The World-Honored One told Manjusri, "You should manifest your miraculous power right before this assembly." Thereupon, without rising from his seat, Manjusri entered the Samadhi of Perfect Mental Freedom in Glorifying All Dharmas, and demonstrated all the miraculous feats described by the Budha.

Seeing this, the Evil One, the members of the assembly, and the god Suguga all applauded these unprecedented decals, saying, "Wonderful, wonderful! Because of the appearance of the Budha in this world, we now have this Bodhisattva who can perform such miraculous feats and open a door to the Dharma for the world."

Thereupon, the Evil One, inspired by Manjusri’s awesome power, said, "World-Honored One, how wonderful it is that Manjusri possesses such great, miraculous power! And the members of this assembly, who now understand and have faith in the Dharma through his demonstration of miraculous feats, are also marvelous. World-Honored One, even if there were as many demons as the sands of the Ganges, they would not be able to hinder these good men and good women, who understand and believe in the Dharma.

"I, Papiyan the Evil One, have always sought opportunities to oppose the Budha and to create turmoil among sentient beings. Now I vow that, from this day on, I will never go nearer than one hundred leagues away from the place where this doctrine prevails, or where people have faith in, understand, cherish, receive, read, recite, and teach it.

Subir